Seni bina Thailand adalah sebuah bahagian utama pada kekayaan
legasi kebudyaan negara ini dan mencermin pencabaran hidup di
kadangkala cuaca lampau Thailand dan juga, secara bersejarah,
kepentingan seni bina dari segi kemasyarakatan dan kepercayaan agama
Thai. Dipengaruhi oleh tradisi pada banyak negara jiran Thailand, ia
juga telah mengembangkan keperbezaan serantau di dalam bangunan
vernikular dan keagamaannya.
Rumah Stilt Thai[sunting]
Seperti “
rumah stilt Thai”
samian bercadang, satu aspek universal pada seni bina tradisional
Thailand adalah peninggian pada bangunannya pada stilt, yang terumum di
sekitar tinggi kepala. Bahagian di bawah rumah sering digunakan untuk
simpanan, kraf, lounging pada waktu hari, dan kadang-kadang untuk
livestock. Rumah-rumah ini ditinggikan disebabkan banjir lebat yang
melanda sewaktu sesetengah masa pada satu tahun, dan pada zaman yang
lebih silam, haiwan liar. Bangunan dan gaya hidup Thai sering
berasaskan kepercayaan tahayul dan keagamaan. Banyak penganggapan lain
seperti locally available materials, climate, and agriculture have a
lot to do with the style. Thai houses are made from a variety of woods
and are often built in just a day as prefabricated wood panels are
built ahead of time and put together on site by a master builder. Many
houses are also built with bamboo, a material that is easily
constructed and does not require professional builders. Most homes
start out as a single family home and when a daughter gets married, an
additional house is built on site to accommodate her new family.
Although the house is built with prefab panels that are easy to
rearrange there are taboos against rearranging a house. A traditional
house is usually built as a cluster of physically separate rooms
arranged around a large central terrace. The terrace is the largest
singular part of the home as it makes up to 40% of the square footage,
and up to 60% if the veranda is included. An area in the middle of the
terrace is often left open to allow the growth of a tree through the
structure, providing welcome shade. The tree chosen is often flowering
or scented. It is important for the Thai people to draw in their
natural surroundings by placing potted plants around the terrace,
however, in the past there were strict taboos regarding which plants
could be placed directly around the house (in current times these are
often ignored for the sake of aesthetics). The level of the floor
changes as one moves from room to terrace, providing a wide variety of
positions for sitting or lounging around the living areas. Furniture is
sparse and includes a bed platform, dining table and loose cushions for
sitting. Sleeping areas are set up so that the beds are aligned with
the shorter end of the room (as sleeping parallel with the length is
similar to lying in a coffin). The direction that the head points
towards can never be the west as that is the position bodies are laid
in before cremation.
Sekumpulan urutan Kuti di keliling sebuah teres berpusat.
Sebuah Kuti adalah sebuah struktur kecil, dibina pada stilts, direka
bentuk untuk merumahkan seorang sami. Saiz propernya ditakrifkan di
Sanghathisep, Peraturan 6, to be 12 by 7 Keub (or 4.013 by 2.343
meters). This tiny footprint is intended to aid the monk's spiritual
journey by discouraging the accumulation of material goods. Typically a
monastery consists of a number of these buildings grouped together on a
shared terrace, either in an inward facing cluster or lined up in a
row. Often these structures included a separate building, called a Hor
Trai, which is used to store scriptures.
Bangunan Keagamaan[sunting]
Thailand mencirikan sebilangan pekong Buddha, suatu kecerminan
negara-negara dengan tradisi terbesar agama Buddha. Walaupun istilah
Wat
digunakan secara sesuai untuk merujukkan pada sebuah tapak Buddha
dengan sami-sami penetap, ia digunakan secara longgar pada amalan dan
akan secara tipikal merujukan pada tempat beribadah selain daripada
masjid di Thailand selatan.
- Ruethai Chaichongrak. (2002). Thai House: History And Evolution. Weatherhill. ISBN 0834805200
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